Ecological implications of bulliform cells on halophytes, in salt and water stress natural conditions

Ecological implications of bulliform cells on halophytes, in salt and water stress natural conditions

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Article_Title: Ecological implications of bulliform cells on halophytes, in salt and water stress natural conditions
Authors: Marius-Nicuşor Grigore*1, Constantin Toma2
Affiliation: 1,2Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Biology, Iasi, Romania
Abstract: Seven Romanian halophyte species were histo-anatomical investigated: Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla ssp. compactus (Hoffm.) Dobrow, Carex distans L., Carex vulpina L. (Cyperaceae family), Juncus gerardi Loisel. (Juncaceae), Agrostis stolonifera L., Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir. and Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. ssp. limosa (Schur) Jáv (Poaceae). These species have been classified by the authors of the present study as “amphibious” halophytes, related to the field observations and anatomical considerations. All the analyzed taxa present bulliform cells at the foliar epidermis level. Despite the fact that there are different interpretations regarding the bulliform cells role and functional significance, we correlate these structures with the ecological factors, salinity and, respectively, drought conditions.
Keywords: halophytes, bulliform cells, drought, salinity
References: Albernethy GA, Fountain DW, Mcmanus MT, Observations on the leaf anatomy of Festuca novaezelandiae and biochemical responses to a water deficit. New Zeal. J. Bot., 36 (1), 113-123, 1998
Alvarez JM, Rocha JF, Machado SR, Bulliform cells in Loudetiopsis chrysothrix (Ness) Conert and Tristachya leiostachya Nees (Poaceae): Structure in relation to function. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 51 (1), 113-119, 2008
Alvarez JM, Rocha JF, Machado SR, Ultrastructural aspects of bulliform cells in two Cerrado Grass species. Proc. Of the XIX Congr. Brazil. Soc. Microscopy and Microanalysis (abstract), 2003
Arriaga MO, Austral South American species of Eriochloa. In. Grasses. Systematics and evolution, ed. by Jacobs SWL, Everett J, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 141-148, 2000
Ashraf M, Some important physiological selection criteria for salt tolerance in plants. Flora, 199, 361- 376, 2004
Bartels D, Sunkar R, Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 24, 23-58, 2005
Beal WB, The bulliform or hygroscopic cells of grasses and sedges compared. Bot. Gaz., 2, 321-326, 1886
Bray EA, Bailey-Serres J, Weretilnyk E, Responses to abiotic stresses. In. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, ed by Buchnann WB, Jones R, American Society of Plants Physiologists, Rockville, MD, 1158-1249, 2000
Britton WE, Vegetation of the North Haven sand plains. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 30, 571-620, 1903
Brongniart A, Note sur le sommeil des feuilles dans une plante de la famille de Graminées, le Strephium guianense. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 7, 470-472, 1860
Bucur N, Dobrescu C, Turcu GH, Lixandru GH, Teşu C, Contribuţii la studiul halofiliei plantelor din păşuni şi fâneţe de sărătură din Depresiunea Jijia-Bahlui (partea a II-a). Stud. şi Cerc. (Biol. şi Şt. Agricole) Acad. R.P.Române, filiala Iaşi, 11 (2), 333-347, 1960
Bucur N, Dobrescu C, Turcu GH, Lixandru GH, Teşu C, Contribuţii la studiul halofiliei plantelor din păşuni şi fâneţe de sărătură din Depresiunea Jijia-Bahlui (partea a III-a). Stud. şi Cerc. (Biol. şi Şt. Agricole) Acad. R.P.R., filiala Iaşi, 12 (1), 169-190, 1961
Burduja C, Toniuc Angela, Données céno-écologiques et histo-anatomiques sur les espèces Juncus acutus L. et J. maritimus Lam. Acta Botanica Horti Bucurestiensis. Volum omagial dedicat Centenarului Herbarului Grădinii Botanice Bucureşti, 93-96, 1984
Ciocârlan V, Flora ilustrată a României. Ed.Ceres, Bucureşti, 2000
Clarke JM, Effect of leaf rolling on leaf water loss in Triticum spp. Can. J. Plant Sci., 66, 885-891, 1986
Cutler DF, Botha T, Stevenson DW, Plant Anatomy. An applied approach. Blackwell Publishing, Australia, 2007
Dickison WC, Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic Press, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo, 2000
Duval-Jouve J, Sur quelques tissus de Joncées, de Cyperacées et de Graminées. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 18, 231-239, 1871
Duval-Jouve J, Histotaxie des feuilles de Graminées. Ann. Sci. Nat., 6 ser., Bot., 1, 294-371, 1875
Eleftheriou EP, Noistakis B, A comparative study on the leaf anatomy of the grasses Andropogon ischaemum and Chrysopogon gryllus. Phyton, 19, 27-36, 1978
Ellis RP, A procedure for standardizing comparative leaf anatomy in the Poaceae. I. The leaf-blade as viewed in transverse section. Bothalia, 12, 65-109 (abstract), 1976
Esau K, Plant anatomy (second edition). John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney, 1965
Fahn A, Cutler DF, Xerophytes. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie (band XIII, teil 3), Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 1992
Flowers TJ, Colmer TD, Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytol., 179, 945-963, 2008
Gibson DJ, Grasses and Grassland Ecology. University Press, Oxford, 2009
Grigore M-N, Cercetări histo-anatomice cu implicaţii ecologice la specii de halofite din Moldova. Teză de doctorat, Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Iaşi, Facultatea de Biologie, 2008a
Grigore M-N, Halofitotaxonomia. Lista plantelor de sărătură din România. Edit. Pim, Iaşi, 2008b
Grigore M-N, Toma C, Halofitele. Aspecte de anatomie ecologică. Ed. Univ. „Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi, 2010
Haberlandt G, Physiological plant anatomy. Macmillan and Co, London, 1914
Holm T, A study of some anatomical characters of North American Gramineae. Bot. Gaz., 16, 166-171, 219- 225, 275-281, 1891
Holm T, A study of some anatomical characters of North American Gramineae. Bot. Gaz., 17, 358-362, 1892
Holm T, A study of some anatomical characters of North American Gramineae. Bot. Gaz., 20, 362-365, 1895
Jane WN, Chiang SHT, Morphology and development of bulliform cells in Arundo formosana Hack., Taiwania, 36, 85-97, 1991
Kearney TH, The plant covering of Ocracoke Island: a study in the cology of the North Carolina strand vegetation. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 5, 261-319, 1900
Khan A, Plant Anatomy and Physiology. Kalpaz Publications, 2002
Kirkham MB, Principles of soil and plant water relations. Elsevier Academic Press, London, 2005
Marcum KB, Growth and physiological adaptations of grasses to salinity. In Handbook of plant and crop physiology, (second edition), ed. by Pessarakli M, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel: 623-636, 2002
Mazel A, Études d’anatomie comparée sur les organes de végétation dans le genre Carex. Thèse. Gèneve, Imprimerie Soullier, Rue de la Cité, 19, Université de Gèneve
Mittler R, Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination. Trends in Plant Sci., 11 (1), 15-19, 2006
Munns R, Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell and Environ., 25, 239-250, 2002
Munns R, Genes and salt tolerance bringing them together. New Phytol., 167, 645-663, 2005
Metcalfe CR, Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. V. Cyperaceae, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971
Nawazish S, Hameed M, Naurin S, Leaf anatomical adaptations of Cenchrus ciliaris L. from the Salt Range, Pakistan against drought stress. Pakistan J. Bot., 38 (5), 1723-1730, 2006
Peterson PM, Systematics of the Muhlenbergiinae (Poaceae: Eragrostidae). In. Grasses. Systematics and evolution, ed. by Jacobs SWL, Everett J, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 195-212, 2000
Poljakoff-Mayber A, Morphological and anatomical changes in plants as a response to salinity stress. In: Plants in saline environments, ed. by Poljakoff- Mayber A, Gale J, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: 97-117, 1975
Prat K, General features of the epidermis in Zea mays. Ann. Missouri. Bot. Garden., 35, 341-351 (abstract), 1948
Prodan I, Flora pentru detrminarea şi descrierea plantelor ce cresc în România. II. (ediţia a II-a). Edit. Cartea Românească, Cluj-Napoca, 253-305, 1939
Ristic Z, Cass DD, Leaf anatomy of Zea mays L. in response to water shortage and high temperature: a comparison of drought-resistant and droughtsensitive lines. Bot. Gaz., 152 (2), 173-185, 1991
Sam O, Jerez E, Dell’Amico J, Ruiz-Sanchez MC, Water stress induced changes in anatomy of tomato leaf epidermis. Biol. Plant., 43 (2), 275-277, 2000
Sairam RK, Tyagi A, Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Curr. Sci., 86, 407-421, 2004
Schulze E-D, Beck E, Müller-Hohenstein K, Plant Ecology. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005
Shields LM, The involution mechanism in leaves of certain xeric grasses. Phytomorphology, 1, 225-241, 1951
Silva H, Martinez JP, Baginsky C, Pinto M, Effect of water deficit on the leaf anatomy of six cultivars of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Rev. Chil. Hist. Natural, 72 (2), 219-235, 1999
Silva S, Soares AM, Oliveira LEM, Magalhaes PC, Respostas fisiologicas de gramineas promissoras para revegetacao ciliar de reservatorios hidreletricos, submetidas a deficiencia hidrica. Ciencia Agrotecnica, 25, 124-133, 2001
Tipping Claudia, Murray DR, Effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] in Panicum species of different photosynthetic modes (Poaceae: Panicoideae). In. Grasses. Systematics and evolution, ed. by Jacobs SWL, Everett J, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 259-266, 2000
Toma C, Dumitru Emilia, Contribuţii la studiul histoanatomic al organelor vegetative de la Carex ligerica J. Gay. Stud şi Com. Muz. Şt. Nat. Suceava, 3, 5-18, 1973
Toma C, Moţiu Tamara, Niţă Mihaela, Filipescu Georgeta, Cercetări anatomo-ecologice asupra unor plante ierboase din etajul subalpin al munţilor Căliman. An. Şt. Univ. „Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi, s. II a (Biol.) (supl.), 35, 5-26, 1989
Ţopa E, Vegetaţia terenurilor sărate din R.P.R., Natura, 6 (1), 57-76, 1954
Vecchia FD, Asmar TF, Calamassi R, Rascio N, Vazzana C, Morphological and ultrastructural aspects of dehydration and rehydration in leaves of Sporobolus stapfianus. Pl. Growth Reg., 24, 219-228, 1998
Zhang W, Clark LG, Phylogeny and classification of the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). In. Grasses. Systematics and evolution, ed. by Jacobs SWL, Everett J, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 35-42, 2000
Waisel Y, Ecotypic differentiation in the flora of Israel. III. Anatomical studies of some ecotype pairs. Bull. Res. Counc. Israel, Sec. D, 11, 1963
Warming E, Oecology of Plants. An introduction to the study of plant-communities. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1909
Read_full_article: pdf/21-2011/21-4-2011/SU21-4-2011-Grigore.pdf
Correspondence: Marius-Nicuşor Grigore, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Biology, Plant Biology Department, Bd. Carol I, 20 A, 700505, Iasi, Romania, tel. +40(0)232201072, +40766307718, e-mail: mariusgrigorepsyche@yahoo.com

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Article Title: Ecological implications of bulliform cells on halophytes, in salt and water stress natural conditions
Authors: Marius-Nicuşor Grigore*1, Constantin Toma2
Affiliation: 1,2Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Biology, Iasi, Romania
Abstract: Seven Romanian halophyte species were histo-anatomical investigated: Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla ssp. compactus (Hoffm.) Dobrow, Carex distans L., Carex vulpina L. (Cyperaceae family), Juncus gerardi Loisel. (Juncaceae), Agrostis stolonifera L., Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir. and Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. ssp. limosa (Schur) Jáv (Poaceae). These species have been classified by the authors of the present study as “amphibious” halophytes, related to the field observations and anatomical considerations. All the analyzed taxa present bulliform cells at the foliar epidermis level. Despite the fact that there are different interpretations regarding the bulliform cells role and functional significance, we correlate these structures with the ecological factors, salinity and, respectively, drought conditions.
Keywords: halophytes, bulliform cells, drought, salinity
References: Albernethy GA, Fountain DW, Mcmanus MT, Observations on the leaf anatomy of Festuca novaezelandiae and biochemical responses to a water deficit. New Zeal. J. Bot., 36 (1), 113-123, 1998
Alvarez JM, Rocha JF, Machado SR, Bulliform cells in Loudetiopsis chrysothrix (Ness) Conert and Tristachya leiostachya Nees (Poaceae): Structure in relation to function. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 51 (1), 113-119, 2008
Alvarez JM, Rocha JF, Machado SR, Ultrastructural aspects of bulliform cells in two Cerrado Grass species. Proc. Of the XIX Congr. Brazil. Soc. Microscopy and Microanalysis (abstract), 2003
Arriaga MO, Austral South American species of Eriochloa. In. Grasses. Systematics and evolution, ed. by Jacobs SWL, Everett J, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 141-148, 2000
Ashraf M, Some important physiological selection criteria for salt tolerance in plants. Flora, 199, 361-376, 2004
Bartels D, Sunkar R, Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 24, 23-58, 2005
Beal WB, The bulliform or hygroscopic cells of grasses and sedges compared. Bot. Gaz., 2, 321-326, 1886
Bray EA, Bailey-Serres J, Weretilnyk E, Responses to abiotic stresses. In. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, ed by Buchnann WB, Jones R, American Society of Plants Physiologists, Rockville, MD, 1158-1249, 2000
Britton WE, Vegetation of the North Haven sand plains. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 30, 571-620, 1903
Brongniart A, Note sur le sommeil des feuilles dans une plante de la famille de Graminées, le Strephium guianense. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 7, 470-472, 1860
Bucur N, Dobrescu C, Turcu GH, Lixandru GH, Teşu C, Contribuţii la studiul halofiliei plantelor din păşuni şi fâneţe de sărătură din Depresiunea Jijia-Bahlui (partea a II-a). Stud. şi Cerc. (Biol. şi Şt. Agricole) Acad. R.P.Române, filiala Iaşi, 11 (2), 333-347, 1960
Bucur N, Dobrescu C, Turcu GH, Lixandru GH, Teşu C, Contribuţii la studiul halofiliei plantelor din păşuni şi fâneţe de sărătură din Depresiunea Jijia-Bahlui (partea a III-a). Stud. şi Cerc. (Biol. şi Şt. Agricole) Acad. R.P.R., filiala Iaşi, 12 (1), 169-190, 1961
Burduja C, Toniuc Angela, Données céno-écologiques et histo-anatomiques sur les espèces Juncus acutus L. et J. maritimus Lam. Acta Botanica Horti Bucurestiensis. Volum omagial dedicat Centenarului Herbarului Grădinii Botanice Bucureşti, 93-96, 1984
Ciocârlan V, Flora ilustrată a României. Ed.Ceres, Bucureşti, 2000
Clarke JM, Effect of leaf rolling on leaf water loss in Triticum spp. Can. J. Plant Sci., 66, 885-891, 1986
Cutler DF, Botha T, Stevenson DW, Plant Anatomy. An applied approach. Blackwell Publishing, Australia, 2007
Dickison WC, Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic Press, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo, 2000
Duval-Jouve J, Sur quelques tissus de Joncées, de Cyperacées et de Graminées. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 18, 231-239, 1871
Duval-Jouve J, Histotaxie des feuilles de Graminées. Ann. Sci. Nat., 6 ser., Bot., 1, 294-371, 1875
Eleftheriou EP, Noistakis B, A comparative study on the leaf anatomy of the grasses Andropogon ischaemum and Chrysopogon gryllus. Phyton, 19, 27-36, 1978
Ellis RP, A procedure for standardizing comparative leaf anatomy in the Poaceae. I. The leaf-blade as viewed in transverse section. Bothalia, 12, 65-109 (abstract), 1976
Esau K, Plant anatomy (second edition). John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney, 1965
Fahn A, Cutler DF, Xerophytes. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie (band XIII, teil 3), Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 1992
Flowers TJ, Colmer TD, Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytol., 179, 945-963, 2008
Gibson DJ, Grasses and Grassland Ecology. University Press, Oxford, 2009
Grigore M-N, Cercetări histo-anatomice cu implicaţii ecologice la specii de halofite din Moldova. Teză de doctorat, Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Iaşi, Facultatea de Biologie, 2008a
Grigore M-N, Halofitotaxonomia. Lista plantelor de sărătură din România. Edit. Pim, Iaşi, 2008b
Grigore M-N, Toma C, Halofitele. Aspecte de anatomie ecologică. Ed. Univ. „Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi, 2010
Haberlandt G, Physiological plant anatomy. Macmillan and Co, London, 1914
Holm T, A study of some anatomical characters of North American Gramineae. Bot. Gaz., 16, 166-171, 219- 225, 275-281, 1891
Holm T, A study of some anatomical characters of North American Gramineae. Bot. Gaz., 17, 358-362, 1892
Holm T, A study of some anatomical characters of North American Gramineae. Bot. Gaz., 20, 362-365, 1895
Jane WN, Chiang SHT, Morphology and development of bulliform cells in Arundo formosana Hack., Taiwania, 36, 85-97, 1991
Kearney TH, The plant covering of Ocracoke Island: a study in the cology of the North Carolina strand vegetation. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb., 5, 261-319, 1900
Khan A, Plant Anatomy and Physiology. Kalpaz Publications, 2002
Kirkham MB, Principles of soil and plant water relations. Elsevier Academic Press, London, 2005
Marcum KB, Growth and physiological adaptations of grasses to salinity. In Handbook of plant and crop physiology, (second edition), ed. by Pessarakli M, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel: 623-636, 2002
Mazel A, Études d’anatomie comparée sur les organes de végétation dans le genre Carex. Thèse. Gèneve, Imprimerie Soullier, Rue de la Cité, 19, Université de Gèneve
Mittler R, Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination. Trends in Plant Sci., 11 (1), 15-19, 2006
Munns R, Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell and Environ., 25, 239-250, 2002
Munns R, Genes and salt tolerance bringing them together. New Phytol., 167, 645-663, 2005
Metcalfe CR, Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. V. Cyperaceae, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971
Nawazish S, Hameed M, Naurin S, Leaf anatomical adaptations of Cenchrus ciliaris L. from the Salt Range, Pakistan against drought stress. Pakistan J. Bot., 38 (5), 1723-1730, 2006
Peterson PM, Systematics of the Muhlenbergiinae (Poaceae: Eragrostidae). In. Grasses. Systematics and evolution, ed. by Jacobs SWL, Everett J, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 195-212, 2000
Poljakoff-Mayber A, Morphological and anatomical changes in plants as a response to salinity stress. In: Plants in saline environments, ed. by Poljakoff-
Mayber A, Gale J, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: 97-117, 1975
Prat K, General features of the epidermis in Zea mays. Ann. Missouri. Bot. Garden., 35, 341-351 (abstract), 1948
Prodan I, Flora pentru detrminarea şi descrierea plantelor ce cresc în România. II. (ediţia a II-a). Edit. Cartea Românească, Cluj-Napoca, 253-305, 1939
Ristic Z, Cass DD, Leaf anatomy of Zea mays L. in response to water shortage and high temperature: a comparison of drought-resistant and droughtsensitive lines. Bot. Gaz., 152 (2), 173-185, 1991
Sam O, Jerez E, Dell’Amico J, Ruiz-Sanchez MC, Water stress induced changes in anatomy of tomato leaf epidermis. Biol. Plant., 43 (2), 275-277, 2000
Sairam RK, Tyagi A, Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Curr. Sci., 86, 407-421, 2004
Schulze E-D, Beck E, Müller-Hohenstein K, Plant Ecology. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005
Shields LM, The involution mechanism in leaves of certain xeric grasses. Phytomorphology, 1, 225-241, 1951
Silva H, Martinez JP, Baginsky C, Pinto M, Effect of water deficit on the leaf anatomy of six cultivars of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Rev. Chil. Hist. Natural, 72 (2), 219-235, 1999
Silva S, Soares AM, Oliveira LEM, Magalhaes PC, Respostas fisiologicas de gramineas promissoras para revegetacao ciliar de reservatorios hidreletricos, submetidas a deficiencia hidrica. Ciencia Agrotecnica, 25, 124-133, 2001
Tipping Claudia, Murray DR, Effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] in Panicum species of different photosynthetic modes (Poaceae: Panicoideae). In. Grasses. Systematics and evolution, ed. by Jacobs SWL, Everett J, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 259-266, 2000
Toma C, Dumitru Emilia, Contribuţii la studiul histoanatomic al organelor vegetative de la Carex ligerica J. Gay. Stud şi Com. Muz. Şt. Nat. Suceava, 3, 5-18, 1973
Toma C, Moţiu Tamara, Niţă Mihaela, Filipescu Georgeta, Cercetări anatomo-ecologice asupra unor plante ierboase din etajul subalpin al munţilor Căliman. An. Şt. Univ. „Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi, s. II a (Biol.) (supl.), 35, 5-26, 1989
Ţopa E, Vegetaţia terenurilor sărate din R.P.R., Natura, 6 (1), 57-76, 1954
Vecchia FD, Asmar TF, Calamassi R, Rascio N, Vazzana C, Morphological and ultrastructural aspects of dehydration and rehydration in leaves of Sporobolus stapfianus. Pl. Growth Reg., 24, 219-228, 1998
Zhang W, Clark LG, Phylogeny and classification of the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). In. Grasses. Systematics and evolution, ed. by Jacobs SWL, Everett J, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 35-42, 2000
Waisel Y, Ecotypic differentiation in the flora of Israel. III. Anatomical studies of some ecotype pairs. Bull. Res. Counc. Israel, Sec. D, 11, 1963
Warming E, Oecology of Plants. An introduction to the study of plant-communities. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1909
*Correspondence: Marius-Nicuşor Grigore, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Biology, Plant Biology Department, Bd. Carol I, 20 A, 700505, Iasi, Romania, tel. +40(0)232201072, +40766307718, e-mail: mariusgrigorepsyche@yahoo.com