Investigation of the chemical remediation of nitroaromatic compound contaminated soil

Investigation of the chemical remediation of nitroaromatic compound contaminated soil

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Title: Investigation of the chemical remediation of nitroaromatic compound contaminated soil
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Article_Title: Investigation of the chemical remediation of nitroaromatic compound contaminated soil
Authors: Czira, Gy.1, Z. Dinya2, L. Simon3*, I. Demeter2, N. Hliva2, E. Máthé2, Gy. Lakatos1
Affiliation: 1 University of Debrecen, Environmental Science PhD School;
2 College of Nyíregyháza, Agricultural and Molecular Research Institute;
3College of Nyíregyháza, Technical and Agricultural Faculty, Department of Land Management and Rural Development
Abstract: In Hungary the decontamination of the explosives and munitions polluted land is an environmental and economical interest. These areas are located mostly near the former military shooting areas and explosive producing factories. The aim of our work was to detect in soil the nitroaromatic hydrocarbon contaminations near a former explosive production factory in Northern Hungary. Analytical procedure was worked out to extract the nitroaromatic compounds and their derivatives from the contaminated soil. In soil we should count beside TNT isomers with the appearance of reduced amino derivatives. The real ecotoxicological problems are causing these amino derivatives; they are included to the International Toxicity List as primary carcinogenic compounds. We applied various extraction solvents, with acetonitrile development and with reflux temperature, to separate these compounds from the contaminated soil samples. TNT compounds were also investigated by gas chromatography (GC), UV and FT-IR analytical techniques. The TNT compounds were unequivocally detected in the contaminated soil samples; they were characteristically seen in the UV-VIS spectra. Strong stretching bands of nitro groups strongly appeared between 1520 and 1360 cm-1 (υas NO2 és υs NO2) of the IR spectra. The GC chromatographies are between 6.4-6.6 minute in retention time, and this obviously confirmed the attendance of these compounds. The reduced amino forms can be identified by the υas and υs NH2 bands between 3100-3400 cm-1. Elemental Fe and Zn, and various Fe and Zn compounds were added to the contaminated soil, which reduced the nitro compounds in acidic medium. This could be the basis of a remediation process.
Keywords: chemical remediation, nitroaromatic compounds, TNT reduction, contaminated soil
References: Ahmad FB, Hughes JB, Reactivity of partially reduced arylhydrxylamine and nirosoarene metabolites of 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene (TNT) toward biomass and humanic acid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 4370-4381, 2002.
Bhadra R, Wayment DG, Hughes JB, Shanks JV, Characterization of oxidation produts of TNT metabolism in aquatic phytoremediation systems of Myriophyllum aquaticum. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 446-452, 1999.
Chaudhry GR, Biological Degradation and Bioremediation of Toxic Chemicals. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon. 1994.
Czira G, Demeter I, Hliva N, Dinya Z, Lakatos G, Máthé E, Simon L, Chemical remediation of nitroaromatic compound contaminated soils. In: Szabó B, Tóth C (Eds.). Proceedings of 6th International Carpathian Basic Environmental Science Conference. Nyíregyháza, Hungary, April 22-24, 2010.
Bessenyei György Book Publisher, Nyíregyháza pp. 487-492, 2010. (in Hungarian) (ISBN: 978-963-9909-57-1).
Görge E, Brandt S, Werner D, Uptake and metabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in higher plants. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 1, 229-233, 1994.
Lachance B, Robideux PY, Hawari J, Ampleman G, Thiboutot S, Sunahara GI, Cytotoxic and genotoxic effectts of energetic compounds on bacterial and mammalian cells in vitro. Mutat. Res. 444, 25-39, 1999.
Mccutcheon SC, Medina VF, Larson SL, Proof of phytoremediation for explosives in water and soil. In: McCutcheon SC, Schnoor JL, (Eds.), Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants, A Wiley-Intersciens Series. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, New Jersey, pp. 429-480, 2003.
Palazzo AJ, Leggett DC, Effect and disposition of TNT in terrestrial plant. J. Environ. Qual. 15, 49-52, 1986.
Rieger PG, Knackmus HJ, Basic Knowledge and Perspectives on Biodegradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and Related Nitroaromatic Compounds in Contaminated Soil. In: Spain, J.C. (ed.). Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 1-18, 1995.
Ro KS, Vengopal A, Adrian DD, Constant D, Qaisi K, Valsaraj KT, Thibodeaux LJ, Roy D, Solubility of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in water. J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 758-761, 1996.
Rodgers JD, Bunce NJ, Treatment methods for the remediation of nitroaromatic explosives. Water Res. 35, 2101-2111, 2001.
Snellinx Z, Nepovim A, Taghavi S, Vangronsveld J, Vanek T, Vanderlelie D, Biological remediation of explosives and related nitroaromatic compounds. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. Int. 9, 48-61, 2002.
Walker JE, Kaplan DL, Biological degradation of explosives and chemical agents. Biodegradation. 3, 369, 1992.
Won WD, Disalvo LH, NG J, Toxicity and mutagenicity of 2,4,-6-trinitrotoluene and its microbial metabolites. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 31, 575, 1976.
www.ebs.ogi.edu/~jnurmi/Groundwater%20Chemistry/April%2012%20Groundwater%20ChemistryFinal.ppt#1
Read_full_article: pdf/21-2011/21-3-2011/SU21-3-2011-Czira.pdf
Correspondence: Prof. dr. László Simon, Department of Land Management and Rural Development, Technical and Agricultural Faculty, College of Nyíregyháza, P.O.Box 166, H-4401 Nyíregyháza, Hungary, E-mail: simonl@nyf.hu

Read full article
Article Title: Investigation of the chemical remediation of nitroaromatic compound contaminated soil
Authors: Czira, Gy.1, Z. Dinya2, L. Simon3*, I. Demeter2, N. Hliva2, E. Máthé2, Gy. Lakatos1
Affiliation: 1 University of Debrecen, Environmental Science PhD School;
2 College of Nyíregyháza, Agricultural and Molecular Research Institute;
3College of Nyíregyháza, Technical and Agricultural Faculty, Department of Land Management and Rural Development
Abstract: In Hungary the decontamination of the explosives and munitions polluted land is an environmental and economical interest. These areas are located mostly near the former military shooting areas and explosive producing factories. The aim of our work was to detect in soil the nitroaromatic hydrocarbon contaminations near a former explosive production factory in Northern Hungary. Analytical procedure was worked out to extract the nitroaromatic compounds and their derivatives from the contaminated soil. In soil we should count beside TNT isomers with the appearance of reduced amino derivatives. The real ecotoxicological problems are causing these amino derivatives; they are included to the International Toxicity List as primary carcinogenic compounds. We applied various extraction solvents, with acetonitrile development and with reflux temperature, to separate these compounds from the contaminated soil samples. TNT compounds were also investigated by gas chromatography (GC), UV and FT-IR analytical techniques. The TNT compounds were unequivocally detected in the contaminated soil samples; they were characteristically seen in the UV-VIS spectra. Strong stretching bands of nitro groups strongly appeared between 1520 and 1360 cm-1 (υas NO2 és υs NO2) of the IR spectra. The GC chromatographies are between 6.4-6.6 minute in retention time, and this obviously confirmed the attendance of these compounds. The reduced amino forms can be identified by the υas and υs NH2 bands between 3100-3400 cm-1. Elemental Fe and Zn, and various Fe and Zn compounds were added to the contaminated soil, which reduced the nitro compounds in acidic medium. This could be the basis of a remediation process.
Keywords: chemical remediation, nitroaromatic compounds, TNT reduction, contaminated soil
References: Ahmad FB, Hughes JB, Reactivity of partially reduced arylhydrxylamine and nirosoarene metabolites of 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene (TNT) toward biomass and humanic acid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 4370-4381, 2002.
Bhadra R, Wayment DG, Hughes JB, Shanks JV, Characterization of oxidation produts of TNT metabolism in aquatic phytoremediation systems of Myriophyllum aquaticum. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 446-452, 1999.
Chaudhry GR, Biological Degradation and Bioremediation of Toxic Chemicals. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon. 1994.
Czira G, Demeter I, Hliva N, Dinya Z, Lakatos G, Máthé E, Simon L, Chemical remediation of nitroaromatic compound contaminated soils. In: Szabó B, Tóth C (Eds.). Proceedings of 6th International Carpathian Basic Environmental Science Conference. Nyíregyháza, Hungary, April 22-24, 2010.
Bessenyei György Book Publisher, Nyíregyháza pp. 487-492, 2010. (in Hungarian) (ISBN: 978-963-9909-57-1).
Görge E, Brandt S, Werner D, Uptake and metabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in higher plants. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 1, 229-233, 1994.
Lachance B, Robideux PY, Hawari J, Ampleman G, Thiboutot S, Sunahara GI, Cytotoxic and genotoxic effectts of energetic compounds on bacterial and mammalian cells in vitro. Mutat. Res. 444, 25-39, 1999.
Mccutcheon SC, Medina VF, Larson SL, Proof of phytoremediation for explosives in water and soil. In: McCutcheon SC, Schnoor JL, (Eds.), Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants, A Wiley-Intersciens Series. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, New Jersey, pp. 429-480, 2003.
Palazzo AJ, Leggett DC, Effect and disposition of TNT in terrestrial plant. J. Environ. Qual. 15, 49-52, 1986.
Rieger PG, Knackmus HJ, Basic Knowledge and Perspectives on Biodegradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and Related Nitroaromatic Compounds in Contaminated Soil. In: Spain, J.C. (ed.). Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 1-18, 1995.
Ro KS, Vengopal A, Adrian DD, Constant D, Qaisi K, Valsaraj KT, Thibodeaux LJ, Roy D, Solubility of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in water. J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 758-761, 1996.
Rodgers JD, Bunce NJ, Treatment methods for the remediation of nitroaromatic explosives. Water Res. 35, 2101-2111, 2001.
Snellinx Z, Nepovim A, Taghavi S, Vangronsveld J, Vanek T, Vanderlelie D, Biological remediation of explosives and related nitroaromatic compounds. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. Int. 9, 48-61, 2002.
Walker JE, Kaplan DL, Biological degradation of explosives and chemical agents. Biodegradation. 3, 369, 1992.
Won WD, Disalvo LH, NG J, Toxicity and mutagenicity of 2,4,-6-trinitrotoluene and its microbial metabolites. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 31, 575, 1976.
www.ebs.ogi.edu/~jnurmi/Groundwater%20Chemistry/April%2012%20Groundwater%20ChemistryFinal.ppt#1
*Correspondence: Prof. dr. László Simon, Department of Land Management and Rural Development, Technical and Agricultural Faculty, College of Nyíregyháza, P.O.Box 166, H-4401 Nyíregyháza, Hungary, E-mail: simonl@nyf.hu