Use of leaf extract of noni, guava and mango as a phytoimmunostimulant for immunity of carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila
March 20, 2026
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| Article Title: | Use of leaf extract of noni, guava and mango as a phytoimmunostimulant for immunity of carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila |
| Authors: | Effendi I., Oktaviany T.R., Batubara U.M., Yoswaty D., Syawal H., Austin B., Lyndon A.R., Kurniawan R., Wahyuni S. |
| Affiliation: | Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia Institute of of Aquaculture, Stirling University, Stirling, United Kingdom Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Tengku Umar, Meulaboh, Indonesia |
| Abstract: | Carp (Cyprinus carpio L) is one of the most widely cultivated freshwater fish in Asia, with the main problem in farming being bacterial infections caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. Immunostimulants are the materials that boost the immune system by using certain immunostimulants, such as vaccines or any specific antigenic material. This study determined the effect of mango, noni, and guava leaf extract on carp immunity. The fish were fed with commercial fish (CF) only (a1), CF containing noni leaf extract 1.5 g/100 g (a2), CF containing guava leaf extract 1.5 g/00 g (a3), and CF containing mango leaf extract 1.5g/100 g (a4). The diet increased the total of carp leukocytes from 29.28 to 56.78 x 104 (a3), 32.89 x 104 (a2), and 25.68 x 104 cells/mm3 (a3) on day 45 after the fish were challenged with A. hydrophila. The highest lymphocyte percentage was recorded in a3 (84.00%), followed by a2 (82.33%), and a4 (80.33%). The highest percentage of monocytes was in a1(13.67%), followed by a4 (11.33%), a2 (9.67%), and a3 (8.67 %). The highest percentage of neutrophils was in a1 (9.33%), followed by a4 (8.33%),a2 (8.00%), and a3 (7.33%). The highest percentage of pagocytosis index was in a3 (21.00%), followed by a4 (15.67%), a2(13.00 %), and a1 (12.67 %). The highest survival rate was recorded in a3 (94.67%), followed by a4 (90.67%), a1 (80.00%), and a2 (78.67%). It is concluded that dietary phytoimmunostimulant improved the immun status of carp, where the best results were obtained from the diet of guava leaf extract, followed by the noni and mango diet. |
| Keywords: | Aeromonas hydrophila, carp, haematological characters, physiological parameters, phytoimmunostimulant. |
| *Correspondence: | Irwan Effendi, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia, Tel. +62811751797, email: helpingirwan@gmail.com |
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