The light microscopic immunodetection of galanin (GAL) intrinsic innervation in the spleen of the grass-snake, natrix n. natrix

The light microscopic immunodetection of galanin (GAL) intrinsic innervation in the spleen of the grass-snake, natrix n. natrix

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Title: The light microscopic immunodetection of galanin (GAL) intrinsic innervation in the spleen of the grass-snake, natrix n. natrix
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Article_Title: The light microscopic immunodetection of galanin (GAL) intrinsic innervation in the spleen of the grass-snake, natrix n. natrix
Authors: Ioana Trandaburu, Tiberiu Trandaburu
Affiliation: Center of Cytobiology, Institute of Biology, Splaiul Independenţei 296, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Piteşti, Târgul din Vale 1,
110040 Pitesti, Romania
Abstract: The spleens of two specimens of grass-snakes were investigated for the immunohistochemical detection of the galanin (GAL) by using the PAP technique. The study has revealed an extensive network of galanin immunomarked nerve fibbers and many autonomic ganglions. It represents the first demonstration of the occurrence and topographic distribution of these neural structures inside the spleens of ophidians, where their functional significance has been explained in connection with the adaptative migration of the pancreatic islets in this organ. The above findings supporting the good phylogenetic conservation of this neuropeptide are discussed in connection with the results previously reported in men, mammals, and other poikilothermic vertebrates.
Keywords: galanin, GAL, snakes, spleen, immunohistochemistry
References: Tatemoto K, Rökeaus Ӓ, Jörnvall H, McDonald T, Mutt V. Galanin – a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine. FEBS Lett. 1983; 164: 124-128.
Sillard R, Rökeaus Ӓ, Xu Y, Carlquist M, Bergman T, Jörnvall H, Mutt V. Variant forms of galanin isolated from porcine brain. Peptides, 1992; 13: 1055-60.
Jozsa R, Mess B. Galanin-like immunoreactivity in the chicken brain. Cell Tissue Res. 1993; 273:391-99.
Batten TFC, Moons L, Cambre M, Vandesande F. Anatomical distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of teleost fishes. Neurosci Lett. 1990; 111; 12-17.
Jiminez AJ, Mancera JMPF, Fernandez-Lebrez P. Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the turtle Mauremys caspica. J Comp Neurol. 1994; 349: 73-84.
Lazar G, Lipositis Z, Toth P, Trasti SL, Maderdrut JL, Merchenthaler I. Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of Rana esculenta and Xenopus laevis. J Comp Neurol. 1991; 310: 45-67
Lundquist CT, Rökeaus Ӓ, Nȁssel R. Galanin immunoreactivity in the blowfly nervous system: localization and chromatographic analysis. J Comp Neurol. 1991; 312: 77-96.
McKeon TW, Carraway RE, Konopka LM, Parsons RL. Distribution of galanin-like peptide in various tissues of Necturus maculosus. Cell Tissue Res. 1990; 262: 461-66.
Melander T, Hökfelt T, Rökeaus Ӓ. Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol. 1986a; 248: 475-517.
Melander T, Hökfelt T, Rökeaus Ӓ, Cuello AC, Oertel WH, Verhofstad A, Goldstein M. Co-existence of galanin-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines, 5-hydroxytriptamine, GABA and neuropeptides in the rat CNS. J Neurosci. 1986b; 6: 3640-654.
Merchenthaler I, Lopez FJ, Negro-Vilar A. Anatomyand physiology of central galanin-containing pathways. Prog Neurobiol. 1993; 40: 711-69.
Skofitsch G, Jacobowitz DM. Quantitative distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the rat centra nervous system. Peptides. 1986; 7: 609-13.
Wong Y, Conlon JM. Purification and primary structure of galanin from alligator stomach. Peptides. 1994; 15: 603-06.
Crawley JN. Biological actions of galanin. Regul Peptides. 1995; 59: 1-16.
Sternberger LA. Immunocytochemistry. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, UK. 1974.
McDonald TJ, Dupre J, Tatemoto K, Greenberg GR, Radziuk J, Mutt V. Galanin inhibits insulin secretion and induces hyperglycemia in dogs. Diabetes. 1985; 34: 192-96.
Leonhardt U, Siegel EG, Köhler H, Barthel M, Tytko A, Nebendahl K, Creutzfeldt W. Galanin inhibits glucose-induced insulin release in vitro. Horm Metabol Res. 1989; 21: 100-01.
Schnuerer EM, McDonald TJ, Dupre J. Inhibition of insulin release by galanin and gastrin-releasing peptide in anesthezied rat. Regul Pept. 1987; 18: 307-20.
Lindskog S, Dunning BE, Mǻrtensson H, Ar’rajab A, Taborsky GJ, Ahrén B. Galanin of the homologous species inhibits insulin secretion in the rat and in the pig. Acta Physiol Scand. 1990; 139: 591-96.
McDonald TJ, Tu E, Brenner S, Zabel P, Behme M, Panchal C, Hramiak I, Barnett WB, Miller D, Dupré J. Canine, human and rat plasma insulin responses to galanin administration: species response differences. Am J Physiol. 1994; 266: E612-E617.
Dunning BE, Havel PJ, Veith RC, Taborsky GJ. Pancreatic and extrapancreatic galanin release during sympathetic neural activation. Am J Physiol. 1990; 258: E436-444.
Scheurink AJ, Mundinger TO, Dunning BE, Veith RC, Taborsky GJ. α 2-adrenergic regulation of galanin and norepinephrine from canine pancreas. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262: R819-R825.
Dunning BE, Ahrén B. Reduced pancreatic content of the inhibitory neurotransmitter galanin in genetically obese, hyperinsulinemic mice. Pancreas. 1992; 7: 233-39.
Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its homologue. Nature. 1994; 372: 425-32.
Schick RR, Samsami S, Zimmerman JP, Eberl T, Endres C, Schusdziarra V, Classen M. Effect of galanin on food intake in rats: involvement of lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic sites. Am J Physiol. 1993; 264: R355-R361.
Boswell T, Richardson RD, Schwartz MW, D’Allesio DA, Woods SC, Sipols AJ, Baskin DG, Kenagy GJ. NPY and galanin in a hibernator: hypothalamic gene expression and effects on feeding. Brain Res Bull. 1933; 32: 379-84.
Corwin RL, Robinson JK, Crawley JN. Galanin antagonists block galanin-induced feeding in the hypothalamus and amygdala of the rat. Eur J Neurosci 1993; 5: 1528-533.
Rada PV, Mark GP, Hoebel BG. Effects of paraventricular galanin and neuropeptide Y on dopamine and acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Soc Neurosci (abstract). 1994; 20: 656.
Hsu DW, Hoi SC, Hedley-Whyte T, Strauss RM, Kaplan LM. Co-expression of galanin and adrenocorticotropic hormone in human pituitary and pituitary adenomas. Am J Pathol. 1991; 138: 897-909.
Cortés R, Villar MJ, Schalling M, Hökfelt T. Effects of central nervous system lesions on the expression of galanin: a comparative in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87: 7742-746.
Hökfelt T, Millhorn D, Seroogy K, Tsuruo Y, Cecatelli S, Lindh B, Melander T, Schalling M, Bartfai T, Terenius L. Coexistence of peptides with classical transmitters. Experentia. 1987a; 43: 768-80.
Hökfelt T, Zhang X, Wisenfeld-Hallin Z. Messenger plasticity in primary sensory neurons following axotomy and its implications. Trends Neurosci. 1994; 17: 22-30.
Rao MS, Sun Y, Escary JL, Perreau J, Tresser S, Patterson PH, Zigmond RE, Brulet P, Landis SC. Leukemia inhibitory factor mediates an injury response but not a target-directed developmental transmitter switch in sympathetic neurons. Neurosci. 1993; 11: 1175-185.
Wisenfeld-Hallin Z, Bartfai T, Hökfelt T. Galanin in sensory neurons in spinal cord. Front neuroendocrinol. 1992a; 319-42.
Wisenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu X, Langel Ű, Bedees K, Hökfelt T, Bartfai T. Galanin-mediated control of pain: enhanced role after nerve injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992b; 89: 3334-337.
Coyle JT, Price DL, DeLong MR. Alzheimer’s disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science. 1983: 219: 1184-190.
Chang-Palay V. Galanin hyperinnervates surviving neurons of the human basal nucleus of Meynert in dementias of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: a hypothesis for the role of galanin in accentuating cholinergic dysfunction in dementia. J Comp Neurol 1988; 273:543-57.
Robinson JK, Crawley JN. Intraseptal galanin potentiates scopolamine disruption of delayed nonmatching to sample. J Neurosci. 1993; 13:5119-125.
Hökfeldt T, Wisenfeld-Hallin Z, Villar M, Melander T. Increase of galanin-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral axotomy. Neurosci Lett. 1987b; 83: 217-20.
Harling H, Holst JJ. Circulating galanin: origin, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics in anesthetized pigs. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262:E52-E57.
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Correspondence: Ioana Trandaburu, Institute of Biology, Spl. Independenţei 296, 060031 Bucharest, e-mail : itrandaburu@yahoo.com; ioana.trandaburu@ibiol.ro

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Article Title: The light microscopic immunodetection of galanin (GAL) intrinsic innervation in the spleen of the grass-snake, natrix n. natrix
Authors: Ioana Trandaburu, Tiberiu Trandaburu
Affiliation: Center of Cytobiology, Institute of Biology, Splaiul Independenţei 296, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Piteşti, Târgul din Vale 1,
110040 Pitesti, Romania
Abstract: The spleens of two specimens of grass-snakes were investigated for the immunohistochemical detection of the galanin (GAL) by using the PAP technique. The study has revealed an extensive network of galanin immunomarked nerve fibbers and many autonomic ganglions. It represents the first demonstration of the occurrence and topographic distribution of these neural structures inside the spleens of ophidians, where their functional significance has been explained in connection with the adaptative migration of the pancreatic islets in this organ. The above findings supporting the good phylogenetic conservation of this neuropeptide are discussed in connection with the results previously reported in men, mammals, and other poikilothermic vertebrates.
Keywords: galanin, GAL, snakes, spleen, immunohistochemistry
References: Tatemoto K, Rökeaus Ӓ, Jörnvall H, McDonald T, Mutt V. Galanin – a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine. FEBS Lett. 1983; 164: 124-128.
Sillard R, Rökeaus Ӓ, Xu Y, Carlquist M, Bergman T, Jörnvall H, Mutt V. Variant forms of galanin isolated from porcine brain. Peptides, 1992; 13: 1055-60.
Jozsa R, Mess B. Galanin-like immunoreactivity in the chicken brain. Cell Tissue Res. 1993; 273:391-99.
Batten TFC, Moons L, Cambre M, Vandesande F. Anatomical distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of teleost fishes. Neurosci Lett. 1990; 111; 12-17.
Jiminez AJ, Mancera JMPF, Fernandez-Lebrez P. Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the turtle Mauremys caspica. J Comp Neurol. 1994; 349: 73-84.
Lazar G, Lipositis Z, Toth P, Trasti SL, Maderdrut JL, Merchenthaler I. Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of Rana esculenta and Xenopus laevis. J Comp Neurol. 1991; 310: 45-67
Lundquist CT, Rökeaus Ӓ, Nȁssel R. Galanin immunoreactivity in the blowfly nervous system: localization and chromatographic analysis. J Comp Neurol. 1991; 312: 77-96.
McKeon TW, Carraway RE, Konopka LM, Parsons RL. Distribution of galanin-like peptide in various tissues of Necturus maculosus. Cell Tissue Res. 1990; 262: 461-66.
Melander T, Hökfelt T, Rökeaus Ӓ. Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol. 1986a; 248: 475-517.
Melander T, Hökfelt T, Rökeaus Ӓ, Cuello AC, Oertel WH, Verhofstad A, Goldstein M. Co-existence of galanin-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines, 5-hydroxytriptamine, GABA and neuropeptides in the rat CNS. J Neurosci. 1986b; 6: 3640-654.
Merchenthaler I, Lopez FJ, Negro-Vilar A. Anatomyand physiology of central galanin-containing pathways. Prog Neurobiol. 1993; 40: 711-69.
Skofitsch G, Jacobowitz DM. Quantitative distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the rat centra nervous system. Peptides. 1986; 7: 609-13.
Wong Y, Conlon JM. Purification and primary structure of galanin from alligator stomach. Peptides. 1994; 15: 603-06.
Crawley JN. Biological actions of galanin. Regul Peptides. 1995; 59: 1-16.
Sternberger LA. Immunocytochemistry. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, UK. 1974.
McDonald TJ, Dupre J, Tatemoto K, Greenberg GR, Radziuk J, Mutt V. Galanin inhibits insulin secretion and induces hyperglycemia in dogs. Diabetes. 1985; 34: 192-96.
Leonhardt U, Siegel EG, Köhler H, Barthel M, Tytko A, Nebendahl K, Creutzfeldt W. Galanin inhibits glucose-induced insulin release in vitro. Horm Metabol Res. 1989; 21: 100-01.
Schnuerer EM, McDonald TJ, Dupre J. Inhibition of insulin release by galanin and gastrin-releasing peptide in anesthezied rat. Regul Pept. 1987; 18: 307-20.
Lindskog S, Dunning BE, Mǻrtensson H, Ar’rajab A, Taborsky GJ, Ahrén B. Galanin of the homologous species inhibits insulin secretion in the rat and in the pig. Acta Physiol Scand. 1990; 139: 591-96.
McDonald TJ, Tu E, Brenner S, Zabel P, Behme M, Panchal C, Hramiak I, Barnett WB, Miller D, Dupré J. Canine, human and rat plasma insulin responses to galanin administration: species response differences. Am J Physiol. 1994; 266: E612-E617.
Dunning BE, Havel PJ, Veith RC, Taborsky GJ. Pancreatic and extrapancreatic galanin release during sympathetic neural activation. Am J Physiol. 1990; 258: E436-444.
Scheurink AJ, Mundinger TO, Dunning BE, Veith RC, Taborsky GJ. α 2-adrenergic regulation of galanin and norepinephrine from canine pancreas. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262: R819-R825.
Dunning BE, Ahrén B. Reduced pancreatic content of the inhibitory neurotransmitter galanin in genetically obese, hyperinsulinemic mice. Pancreas. 1992; 7: 233-39.
Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its homologue. Nature. 1994; 372: 425-32.
Schick RR, Samsami S, Zimmerman JP, Eberl T, Endres C, Schusdziarra V, Classen M. Effect of galanin on food intake in rats: involvement of lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic sites. Am J Physiol. 1993; 264: R355-R361.
Boswell T, Richardson RD, Schwartz MW, D’Allesio DA, Woods SC, Sipols AJ, Baskin DG, Kenagy GJ. NPY and galanin in a hibernator: hypothalamic gene expression and effects on feeding. Brain Res Bull. 1933; 32: 379-84.
Corwin RL, Robinson JK, Crawley JN. Galanin antagonists block galanin-induced feeding in the hypothalamus and amygdala of the rat. Eur J Neurosci 1993; 5: 1528-533.
Rada PV, Mark GP, Hoebel BG. Effects of paraventricular galanin and neuropeptide Y on dopamine and acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Soc Neurosci (abstract). 1994; 20: 656.
Hsu DW, Hoi SC, Hedley-Whyte T, Strauss RM, Kaplan LM. Co-expression of galanin and adrenocorticotropic hormone in human pituitary and pituitary adenomas. Am J Pathol. 1991; 138: 897-909.
Cortés R, Villar MJ, Schalling M, Hökfelt T. Effects of central nervous system lesions on the expression of galanin: a comparative in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87: 7742-746.
Hökfelt T, Millhorn D, Seroogy K, Tsuruo Y, Cecatelli S, Lindh B, Melander T, Schalling M, Bartfai T, Terenius L. Coexistence of peptides with classical transmitters. Experentia. 1987a; 43: 768-80.
Hökfelt T, Zhang X, Wisenfeld-Hallin Z. Messenger plasticity in primary sensory neurons following axotomy and its implications. Trends Neurosci. 1994; 17: 22-30.
Rao MS, Sun Y, Escary JL, Perreau J, Tresser S, Patterson PH, Zigmond RE, Brulet P, Landis SC. Leukemia inhibitory factor mediates an injury response but not a target-directed developmental transmitter switch in sympathetic neurons. Neurosci. 1993; 11: 1175-185.
Wisenfeld-Hallin Z, Bartfai T, Hökfelt T. Galanin in sensory neurons in spinal cord. Front neuroendocrinol. 1992a; 319-42.
Wisenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu X, Langel Ű, Bedees K, Hökfelt T, Bartfai T. Galanin-mediated control of pain: enhanced role after nerve injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992b; 89: 3334-337.
Coyle JT, Price DL, DeLong MR. Alzheimer’s disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science. 1983: 219: 1184-190.
Chang-Palay V. Galanin hyperinnervates surviving neurons of the human basal nucleus of Meynert in dementias of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: a hypothesis for the role of galanin in accentuating cholinergic dysfunction in dementia. J Comp Neurol 1988; 273:543-57.
Robinson JK, Crawley JN. Intraseptal galanin potentiates scopolamine disruption of delayed nonmatching to sample. J Neurosci. 1993; 13:5119-125.
Hökfeldt T, Wisenfeld-Hallin Z, Villar M, Melander T. Increase of galanin-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral axotomy. Neurosci Lett. 1987b; 83: 217-20.
Harling H, Holst JJ. Circulating galanin: origin, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics in anesthetized pigs. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262:E52-E57.
*Correspondence: Ioana Trandaburu, Institute of Biology, Spl. Independenţei 296, 060031 Bucharest, e-mail : itrandaburu@yahoo.com; ioana.trandaburu@ibiol.ro